Perovskite solar cells for building integrated photovoltaics⁠—glazing applications

•Transparency and color control of perovskite solar cells for window applications•Band-gap engineering rather than “thinning” alone improves performance•Promising vertical facades due to better performance under low-intensity diffuse sunlight•Review field testing cost analysis showing research development opportunities The market building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) has great potential. This been projected be worth around €11 billion in 2021, accounting 13% the total PV market. current BIPV is dominated by crystalline silicon devices (56%) that are opaque, limiting their application glazing. Hence, there a motivation develop thin-film semiconductor materials new cell designs such application. Metal halide promising candidate aesthetically appealing, electrically optically efficient BIPVs. In addition, number startups have commenced pilot installations building applied blinds. paper provides comprehensive review demonstrated with enabling attributes suitable glazing applications. also reports advantage band-gap semi-transparent as well colored devices. realization allows higher power conversion efficiencies achieved (6%–14%) high (e.g., 90%–100%) visible transparency. opens up wide-band-gap demonstrations. points out advantages perovskites mounting light irradiance. Thermal, toxicity, considerations discussed. It clear more work on moduling, packaging, compliance needed meet multiple requirements, aesthetics, weight, mechanical strength, weather fire proofing. Perovskite attracted tremendous activity recent years excellent optoelectronic material properties ease fabrication. They uniquely attractive potential add value terms aesthetics. Here, we demonstrations applications, focusing unique associated transparency control, both statically dynamically. 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Additional come from wiring.Table 1Popular compositions cellsPerovskitesBandgap Eg (eV)CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)1.55CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3)2.30CsPbI31.72CsPbI2Br1.90CsPbIBr22.10HC(NH2)2PbI3 (FAPbI3)1.47CH3NH3SnI31.20–1.40HC(NH2)SnI31.41Cs0.05FA0.8MA0.15PbI2.55Br0.451.57Bandgap minimum amount (from photons case cells) required break free bound state, conductive. Open table tab Bandgap As temperatures non-solution processes, versatility absorbers, blading,29Tang Deng Zheng Bai Fang Dong Wei Huang Composition doctor-blading cells.Adv. 71700302Crossref (186) spraying,30Lau C.F.J. Ma Yun J.S. PbIBr2 spray-assisted deposition.ACS 2016; 573-577Crossref drop-on-demand printing,31Wu Jiang Yang Hou Ye Han C.S. Chi al.All electrospray printing Carbon-based cost-effective Funct. 312006803Google slot-die coating,32Subbiah A.S. Isikgor F.H. Howells C.T. De Bastiani Liu Aydin E. Furlan Allen T.G. 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Wiley-American Ceramic Society, 2005Google pose any challenge, given architectures polarities available high-performance processed (100°C–200°C). purpose retrofitting, substrates, willow glass21Perovskites polymers,22Zhang then onto fabric. requires absorber, layers, electrodes. Figure 2 illustrates strategies achieving while Tables 3 list examples respectively.Table 2Examples cellsLayerHole layerThicknessAverage transmittance TCO substratesRef.TiO2Electron60 nm78% (380–700 nm)Ke al.41Ke Xiong Qin P. Tao Lei Wan al.Low-temperature solution-processed tin oxide alternative transporting cells.J. Am. 137: 6730-6733Crossref (850) ScholarSnO2Electron60 nm81% ScholarPCBMElectron50 nm72% (400–800 nm)Chang al.42Chang S.H. Chen Tien Unraveling multifunctional capabilities PCBM thin films inverted-type CH3NH3PbI3 photovoltaics.Sol. 169: 40-46Crossref al.43Chen L.-C. Tseng Chang Fullerene-based MAPbBr3 cells.Coatings. 6: 53Crossref ScholarSpiro-OMeTADHole∼150 nm84% nm)Escarré al.44Escarré Sansonnens Galliano Cattaneo Heinstein Nicolay Bailat Eberhard Ballif Perret-Aebi L.-E. becoming real elements: white module, revolution BIPV.in: 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC). Publications, 2015Crossref (24) ScholarPTAAHole50 nm83% nm)Liu al.45Liu Ouyang Gong 20.7% Highly reproducible inverted enhanced eliminated hysteresis.Energy 12: 1622-1633Crossref ScholarNiOxHole15 nm)Zheng al.46Zheng Hu Lau Bing Fu al.Solution-processed, silver-doped NiOx high-efficiency 561-570Crossref (77) ScholarCuSCNHole<100 nm82% (420–770 nm)Khorasani al.47Khorasani Marandi Iraji zad Taghavinia co-solvent assisted CuSCN coverage improvement corresponding mixed halides Sci.: Electron. 30: 11576-11587Crossref (6) ScholarSpiro-OMeTAD, 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-9,9'-spirobifluorene; PCBM, [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester; PTAA, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine. Table 3Examples electrodes cellsElectrodeRear/front electrode∗ThicknessAverage transmittanceRef.Fluorine doped glassfront700 nm80% (350–750 al.48Ke Cimaroli A.J. Grice C.R. 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